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Anthropology Assignment Were Neanderthals Human - 1375 Words

Anthropology Assignment: Were Neanderthals Human? (Essay Sample) Content: Name Date Were Neanderthals Human? Were Neanderthals Human?IntroductionNeanderthal is fossil species of people who lived 300-24 thousand years ago. It is believed that the Neanderthal skull was first found in 1856 in the Neandertal valley near Dusseldorf and Erkrath in West Germany. Later, scientists have proved that the first skull was found in Gibraltar in 1848, but it has been recognized as the one belonging to Neanderthal only in 1864. Homo sapiens differs from the nearest species, Neanderthals, in a number of features of the structure of the skeleton (high forehead, reduction of eyebrow arches, the presence of the mastoid process of the temporal bone, the absence of the occipital ridge - "bone chignon", concave base of the skull, molar teeth, flattened chest, usually relatively long limbs and the proportions of the brain ("beaked" frontal lobes in Neanderthals and widely rounded ones in Homo sapiens). At the moment, understanding of Neanderthal genome struct ure allows to deepen understanding of the nature of the differences between these two species. However, despite these distinguishes, it can be confidently stated that Neanderthals have a wide number of the features inherent to modern human.The origin of Neanderthals and the question whether they can be considered the ancestors of man has always been a sore point for scientists and the general public. This paper will develop a statement that Neanderthals can be regarded humans due to similarity with the modern human in a number of aspects and developed level of cultural consciousness.The Similarities with the Modern HumanIn the second half of the XX century, a number of researchers have suggested considering the Neanderthals the subspecies of Homo sapiens - Homo sapiens Neanderthalensis. The reason for this was the study of the physical appearance, lifestyle, culture, and intellectual abilities of Neanderthals. In addition, the Neanderthals are often regarded as direct ancestors of m odern humans.Similarity in GenomeThe set of various tests was conducted in order to establish the presence of evolutionary relationships among primates, Neanderthals and modern people of different groups. In these tests, any similarities are observed due to the presence of a common ancestor. The received answers showed the following:1. Neanderthals fit perfectly in a wide range of variety of modern humans;2. the genome of Neanderthals is incredibly similar to the modern human genome;3. there are just a few distinguishes between modern humans and Neanderthals.Neanderthal genome and genome of modern humans differ by 0.16%. On the one hand, the differences are small. On the other, one can see which exactly different genes make up human "reasonable" nature. In other words, these genes are present in modern humans, but absent in chimpanzees, and the Neanderthals. However, these few established differences could disappear when scientists learn more about the genetic diversity of modern humans and ancient Neanderthals. The more humanity learns, the more the diversity is noted, therefore, the amount of the distinctions tends to decline over time.The fact that causes significant interest of the scientific society is that the few variations that are similar in Neanderthals and modern humans appear only in people who live outside of Africa. Therefore, the Neanderthals not only are fully human beings, but there is an evidence indicating that they have interbred with the ancestors of modern Europeans, Asians, Australians and Native Americans, but not Africans. Thus, the Neanderthals are either close relatives or ancestors of people living outside Africa.Similarity in Physical DataNeanderthals had an average height (about 165 cm) and massive physique. They even surpassed modern humans by the volume of the cranium (1400-1600 cc and above). They are characterized by strong eyebrows, a prominent nose, and a very small chin. By craniological indicators, Neanderthals w ere dolichocephals. There are suggestions, that they could have red hair and pale skin. The researchers found that Neanderthals' maturity occurred earlier than the maturity of modern humans. Thus, physically they are superior to the modern man almost in all respects. Judging by the fact that Neanderthals have hunted very fast and agile animal, it can be suggested that the power was combined with mobility in their body. Neanderthals mastered bipedalism completely, and in this sense they were not different from modern human. They had a well-developed hand; however, it was slightly wider and shorter than modern humans hands. Neanderthals were very muscular human beings with large joints of the feet and hands. This type of anthropology is called hypersthenic, it is characterized by strong bones and power. This is the feature of the Neanderthal skeleton, which allows to avoid confusion with other ancient people. The Neanderthal femur is not only massive, but also it is marked by a signi ficant bend. Archeologists had thought that such a structure of bones is the result of pathology. Perhaps its massive bent backbone and femur are adaptive features allowing to survive in such a harsh environment. Generally, some features of appearance of the Neanderthal had more archaic traits that make them similar to Pithecanthropus; on the contrary, others were closer to the modern human species in its development. Thus, the physical structure of Neanderthal also gives the opportunity to consider them humans.Neanderthals Capacity for SpeechOne of the main features of the human which distinguish him from an animal is capacity for speech. When comparing the size of the hypoglossal channel in the skull of the modern man with a size of similar channels in the skulls of Neanderthals and anthropoid apes, it was established that size of Neanderthals hypoglossal channel was approximately equal to modern humans one. The nerve, which informs the brain of any movements of the tongue, approa ches through this channel to the skull base. The ability of the living being to articulate speech depends on the size of this channel. Consequently, the Neanderthals were endowed with this ability that is one more evidence that they were the human.The Level of Culture Neanderthals developed a high level of culture, which is an irrefutable proof of the existence of the rudiments of human consciousness in them. For example, the earliest known musical instrument, bone flute with 4 holes, is associated with Neanderthal man. Also, Neanderthals were able to use a self-made tools and weapons. In 2003, the stone about 10 cm tall which has a striking resemblance to a human face was found. The stone is dated 35 thousand years ago. This important discovery is evidence that Neanderthals had an idea about art. The parallel scratches on the bones and the pits on the stone slab of unknown purpose are also associated with Neanderthals. In addition, there are the rare findings of ornaments in the fo rm of drilled teeth of animals, dating about 30-34 thousand years ago. The only example of real painting is an image of leopard scratched on the bone dating about 30-40 thousand years ago which was found in Ukraine. Also, the painted shells with the small holes, which apparently served as decoration for Neanderthals were found.ReligionHuman consciousness in Neanderthals had developed to a high level which is evidenced by the presence of religion beliefs. Neanderthals were carriers of the Mousterian culture. In France, it has been found shallow burial of the skeleton in a fetal position. The flowers, eggs and meat were left next to the body. This fact may indicate a belief in life after death and the presence of religious and magical practices. There is no doubt that Neanderthals were the first hominids who buried their dead, respecting the magnificent ceremony. Some funeral customs of Neanderthals and modern humans are similar. The religious practice of European Neandert...

Essay on By the River by Steven Herrick - 653 Words

Steven Herrick’s work of â€Å"By the river† displays a bildungsroman novel in which harry goes on a journey through life, facing love and loss. Steven Herrick’s verse novel â€Å"By the River† is very successful in conveying the significant ideas about human nature. He uses key themes such as grief, environmental influence and coming of age to explore these ideas. To convey the themes Herrick uses multiple techniques such as imagery, repetition, personification and positive and negative influence throughout his text. Grief is a key theme throughout Herrick’s novel â€Å"By the River† highlighting the suffering and distress from losing a loved one. Herrick explores this theme through the death of Harry Hodby’s mother and his close friend Linda. The†¦show more content†¦Also the use of depressive connotations like squashed and dead in â€Å"A dead snake, cane toads squash flat, nothing that lives, and nothing that shines†. Herrick uses this theme to create a sense of the environmental effect on Harry Hodby’s identity, and to show the significant ideas about human nature. Coming of age is another major theme throughout Herrick’s novel â€Å"By the River†. In this novel we see Harry go on a journey through childhood to adolescence experiencing various changes and pleasures of life in a country town. In the quote â€Å"I see clearly now/which part of me/is my dads/the part inside/the good part/the part that knows/Johnny Barlow/Linda/the ring/the white cross† Herrick uses a list method and lists multiple things to show how much Harry has taken in over time and realized what has actually happened throughout his journey. This shows his change from child to adolescence. Herrick uses the repetition of the word â€Å"part† to emphasise to his readers that Harry has finally found the part of him, which belongs to his dad. Coming of age is a very important theme in this novel and expresses very significant ideas about human nature. Herrick was very successful in conveying the key elements of human nature by expressing them through the themes, grief, environmental influence and coming of age. The poetic techniques Herrick used to explore these themes are clearly shown throughout his verseShow MoreRelatedBelonging Essay4112 Words   |  17 PagesFour Acts Harrison, Jane, Rainbow’s End Luhrmann, Baz, Strictly Ballroom - film De Heer, Rolf, Ten Canoes - film Shakespeare, William, As You Like It Skrzynecki, Peter, Immigrant Chronicle Dickinson, Emily, Selected Poems of Emily Dicksinson Herrick, Steven, The Simple Gift Baillie, Alan, The China Coin Russell, Willy, Educating Rita Cleven,Vivienne et al (eds), Contemporary Indigenous Plays Pung, Alice, Unpolished Gem Noyce, Phillip, Rabbit-Proof Fence Daldry, Stephen, Billy Elliot Making MulticulturalRead MoreFreshwater Mussel and Water Quality: a Review of the Effects of Hydrologic and Instream Habitat Alterations9693 Words   |  39 Pagesdam could be regulat ed. Dams could make a shallow river deep, allowing watercraft to operate. Impounded rivers could act as reservoirs for holding water to support the populace. Pristine natural areas could be turned into a recreational goldmine through impoundment. Real, perceived, or pork barrel, there were many reasons to dam rivers. It must be stressed that an artificial impoundment is not analogous to a naturally occurring pool within a river. Impoundments typically become deeper toward their

Creativity and Innovation Model by Planet Innovation Pty Ltd â€Æ

Question: Describe about the Creativity and Innovation Model by Planet Innovation Pty Ltd. Answer: Introduction: Define the problem The report is basically discussed about the use of creative and innovative models within an organization. In this report, a company named Planet innovation Pty Ltd. has been targeted for the analysis. Creative designing techniques help in developing a more innovative solution for a complex situation that is rather difficult to be resolved through normal course of action. The present report, in this regard, aims to integrate Creativity and Innovation model in a real life challenge faced by organizations (Creative education, 2016). For this purpose, the report provides a critical analysis and examination of business challenge faced by the Planet innovation Pty Ltd of meeting customer expectations through continuous innovation. The report explores idea generation methods and techniques that can be used by the organization for appropriately defining the problem faced and generating possible ideas for its resolution. It also describes various methods that can be used for evaluating and im plementing the idea generated for developing the possible solutions for the problem in context (May, N.D.). At last, the report also provides a reflection on the strengths and limitations of the methods used in the project for resolving the problem identified. Analyzing challenge in Planet innovation Pty Ltd. through application of Applied Creativity Innovation Exploring Innovation Challenge of Planet Planet innovation is capable and continuously growing company of technology design. It is famous in designing of products for biomedical, clean-technology, industrial and commercial market. The company is currently emphasizing on becoming more customer focused through designing more innovative solutions to expand its market share. The main innovative challenge faced by the company in this regard is the new hearing solution app made by the company. The company developed a hearing aid system as a smart phone app and a Bluetooth-enabled programmer named Incus. This app was for those people who have hearing loss. With the help of this app, the patients do not need to meet face to face with anyone (Financial review, 2016). Problem faced by the company can be defined most appropriately through the integration of creative-problem solving approach. As per the creative-problem solving approach, the practice of innovation in todays competitive marketplace is not only about developing new produ cts and services for the target customers but involves implementation of new ideas to meet untapped customer needs. In this context, the problem statement for Planet can be defined as arising of innovation challenge for developing new strategies in order to design new app that can become an integral part of Australias innovation system. The company has to continuously drive its innovation efforts so that it incorporates emerging technologies in designing of such useful products for patients (Planet, 2016). Innovative companies like Planet have to constantly innovate for identifying effectively the future needs and demands of the customers for staying competitive. Thus, the main challenge that exists before Planet in this regard is to identify the unknown needs and desires of its customers, patients through implementing the right ideas and then take consecutive action for developing innovative solutions. The main focus of the present report is to explore and discuss creative thinking strategies for developing the most effective solution for Planet to sustain innovation in its workplace (Planet, 2016). Mind mapping techniques of Planet There is a famous techniques named mind mapping techniques for the organizations. This technique was created for the organizations so that they can generate new ideas for the business. Definition Of mind mapping: The process of mind mapping refers to come up with new ideas that branch out from the central idea. It is basically a geographical representation of to sum up the organizational information for the innovation. The mind mappings consist of six hats in different colors for effective thinking (Tonybuzan, 2016). The first one is blue managerial hat whose role is to manage and direct the thinking process. Second one is white natural hat whose role is to collect the data and information regarding to the thinking process. Third hat is red intuitive hat whose role is to use the feelings to find the solution of the problems. Fourth one is black pessimistic hat and it has negative approach. It is also important hat because it helps to understand negative aspects of the thinking. On the Fifth, there is green creative hat whose role is to think innovative and expand the possibilities in unique ways and at last, there is sixth optimistic yellow hat whose role is to think for positive benefit by the logical thinking(Sicinski, N.D.). The challenge before Planet in this regard is to identify the unknown needs and desires of its customers, patients through implementing the right ideas and then take successive action for developing innovative solutions. For the innovative thinking, the six hats of mind mapping can be used by the company. Figure 1: Mind mapping Blue managerial hat Mind mapping for the Planet Innovations Mind mapping techniques help a particular company and a person to think different and innovative. This is very strong tool to identify the information which is interconnected to the innovations. By using mind mapping style in the innovation, the company can change the way of presentation of products and services among the consumers. The team of the company can use the mind map as a source of information and use the map for the further ideas and solutions. The features of the mind mapping can impact the way of thinking and innovation of a company. The acceptance of mind mapping not only influences one person but also focus on whole organization level. Brain Storming Brain storming is a kind of opportunity for the flow of different ideas and thoughts without any barriers for the innovation and creative thinking. The benefit of brain storming is that it encouraged peoples to add the new ideas and thoughts for the innovation in something. The basic work of brain storming is conveying the new ideas and concepts to other peoples. It includes techniques such as graphics, notes and diagrams for capturing the creative ideas and innovative concepts. Six hats and co-relation of each hat with the innovation Mind mapping for Planet innovation has been given for the analysis of the innovation of new products. From the figure, there are five hats in the organization that plays different roles within the business. First hat is blue managerial hat. This focuses in some questions such as what problems are coming with the innovation of new products, how company can sustain its competitive advantage by the innovation, what are the ways to sustain the innovations in the product, how to identify the needs of customers etc. this hat helps the company to identify the exact problem. Second hat is the white hat which helps the company to know that what the knowledge it already has to about the product and what are the requirements of innovations the product is needed. White hat focuses on some questions related to innovation by meeting customers expectations. Third hat is red hat which helps the company to assume some condition with feelings and guts. It focuses on the questions such as based on the feeling, what process company can adopt for meeting the expectations of the customers, and intuitively, will the adopted solution be the right solution for the growth of the company etc. Fourth hat is black hat which enables the company to think on the danger and drawbacks of adopted process for the innovation. It includes some questions such as what will be the drawbacks from new innovations, how many ways are there to fail of new product, and what are the risks associated with the new innovations etc. further, fifth hat is yellow hat shown in the diagram. The yellow hat enables to think the company about the ways and approaches for the new innovations. It includes the questions such as what can be the best process for innovating new products, how can the process work logically, and what will be the positive outcome from the customers by new innovations etc. Now, the last one hat is green hat which allows the company to think on another way for the innovation. It always takes a sec ond side of thinking such as could innovation can be done from another way, what alternatives are there with the choose ways for the innovations of new products (the thinking business, 2016). The six thinking hats of mind mapping is the best tool which improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the thinking method of the company. By using the mind mapping method, Planet innovation will be able to identify the needs of the customers. Along with this, company will also be able to identify the best possible ways to bring innovation in the products so that it would meet the requirements of the customers. The six thinking hats will help the company in problem solving, overcome from challenges, finding out the solution, getting the answers and opportunities to get competitive advantage (businessanalystlearnings, 2016). Fishbone techniques Fishbone techniques refer to the analysis of existing process for determining the available opportunities for the improvement in the business. The technique can help the organization to generate objectives for the work and allow developing an action plan to achieve those objectives. The objectives of fishbone technique are to set the goals and rank the ideas which are most important to achieve those goals. After that the technique moves to work on the key ideas for creating innovation. Ideation: Generate ideas Innovation process consists of the creation and identification of new ideas. The success of idea generation depends upon the best opportunity which is identified. When the company generates ideas, it makes choices about creative problem solving process (Insead, 2008). There is an idea generation model which describes the cycle of idea generation used by the company for the growth of the business. By this model, designer of the company generates the ideas, refines the ideas, research and represent the ideas. Figure 2: Idea generation model (Source: Herring, Jones Bailey, 2009) The model consists of three dimensions i.e. refine, research and represent. All three dimensions encompasses by the category inspiration. Designers search for the inspiration by focusing on refine, research and represent the ideas. The process of idea generation starts with the research. In the research part, Planet innovation research on the ideas that which product needs modification and innovation. The problem in the company is that how the company will sustain its image among the customers by innovations. Research will generate the various options of diverging ideas. After doing research, company represents the ideas physically among the customers. When representations of the ideas get success, company gets starts to evaluate and refine the concept of idea. The refined concept inspires the company to do more innovations and research for the further process (Herring, Jones Bailey, 2009). This is the continuously process for the idea generation and is helpful for every innovation. Design: potential solution Design thinking refers to the methodology which is used by any company to solve the problems and challenges and to find out the proper and appropriate solution for the problem. Design thinking includes building up ideas, drawing logic, imaginations, and identifying the possibilities of the problem (Brenner Uebernickel, 2016). It offers a structural framework for the innovation in the products. In the case of Planet innovation, by adopting the design thinking in the app company is able to identify the real value of the customers. When the company starts to make product, it makes the design for the upcoming product for the customers who will use that product. Design enables the company to identify the requirements of the customers (Planetinnovation, 2016). Implement the solution Implementation of ideas and solution in the business operation is the most crucial part of the business. Implementation will be successful if there is proper idea generation for the problem (Baumgartner, N.D.). Planet innovation produced many useful products and apps for the customers. It has framework for the production so that it can identify the needs and requirement of the customers and can develop the products according to those requirements. It implements the techniques of mind mapping and framework of idea generating. By the proper use of the model of mind mapping, company gets able to know that what type of products the company should develop, and hat are the needs of customers. Along with this, mind mapping framework allows the company to identify the risks associated with the new development and innovations. By implementation of the process of research, represent and refine, the company is able to find out the new ways and ideas for the future innovations so that it can mai ntain its position in the market by satisfying its customers (Kraus, Barton, N.D.). Conclusion The report provides a critical analysis and examination of business challenge faced by the Planet innovation Pty Ltd of meeting customer expectations through continuous innovation. It describes various methods that can be used for evaluating and implementing the idea generated for developing the possible solutions for the problem in context. The company is currently emphasizing on becoming more customer focused through designing more innovative solutions to expand its market share. Problem faced by the company has been defined most appropriately through the integration of creative-problem solving approach. The problem is arising of innovation challenge for developing new strategies in order to design new app that can become an integral part of Australias innovation system. The report has been mainly focused report on exploring and discussing creative thinking strategies for developing the most effective solution for Planet to sustain innovation in its workplace. Company finds new way s with the alternative solutions so that product will not fail in the market. By the above discussion of mind mapping framework, idea generation model, designing and implanting the ideas, it has been analyzed that the company has to continuously drive its innovation efforts so that it incorporates emerging technologies in designing of such useful products for its customers. Recommendation There are some recommendations that company can use for innovation in its product: Company should design effective mind mapping framework to overcome the innovation challenges. Company can use proper fishbone technique to analyze the available opportunities. Company can use new strategies for exploring creative thinking. Idea generation model should be followed before the producing any new product. For continuously driving new innovation efforts, company should incorporate new technologies of designs. References Barton, D. N., Kraus, W.A., (N.D.). Implementing new technology. Retrieved on 15th September 2016 from https://hbr.org/1985/11/implementing-new-technologyBaumgartner, J. (N.D.). The Creative Idea Implementation Plan. Retrieved on 15th September 2016 from https://www.creativejeffrey.com/creative/ciip.phpBrenner, W., Uebernickel, f., (2016). Design Thinking for Innovation: Research and Practice. Germany: SpringerBusinessanalystlearnings, (2016). Mind mapping. Retrieved on 15th September 2016 from https://businessanalystlearnings.com/ba-techniques/2016/1/31/mind-mappingCreative education, (2016). Creative problem solving. Retrieved on 15th September 2016 from https://www.creativeeducationfoundation.org/creative-problem-solving/Financial review, (2016). 50 Most Innovative Companies 2015. Retrieved on 15th September 2016 from https://www.afr.com/leadership/brw-lists/most-innovative-companies/50-most-innovative-companies-2015-20160303-gn9ea7Herring, S.R., Jones, B. R., Bailey, B.P., (20 09). Idea Generation Techniques among Creative Professionals. Retrieved on 15th September 2016 from https://orchid.cs.illinois.edu/publications/HICSS-idea-generation-2009.pdfInsead, (2008). Idea generation and the quality of the best idea. Retrieved on 15th September 2016 from https://sites.insead.edu/facultyresearch/research/doc.cfm?did=42236May, R., (N.d.). 5 Steps to Developing an Innovative Solution to a Problem. Retrieved on 15th September 2016 from https://www.businessdictionary.com/article/728/innovative-companies-solve-problems-for-customers/Planet, (2016). Retrieved on 15th September 2016 from https://planetinnovation.com.au/Planet, (2016). Strategic Innovation. Retrieved on 15th September 2016 from https://planetinnovation.com.au/services/innovation/Planetinnovation, (2016). Design is more than skin deep. Retrieved on 15th September 2016 from https://planetinnovation.com.au/design-is-more-than-skin-deep/Sicinski , A., (N.D.). HOW TO SOLVE PROBLEMS USING THE SIX THINKING HA TS. Retrieved on 15th September 2016 from https://blog.iqmatrix.com/six-thinking-hatsthe thinking business, (2016). Mind mapping. Retrieved on 15th September 2016 from https://www.thethinkingbusiness.com/mind-mappingTonybuzan, (2016). What is mind map. Retrieved on 15th September 2016 from https://www.tonybuzan.com/about/mind-mapping/

The Battle of the Somme Essay Example

The Battle of the Somme Essay Source A is an extract of comments made by Jack Cousins on atelevision interview years after the war. Youll find the barbed wire infront of the German trenches blown away. However it had just been thrown about and got tangled even more. This source is fairly reliable and it is determined by this statement. This source gives the impression that the battle should not have been fought because as Jack Cousins stated wrong information was given, so the battle was wrong as soldiers were not fully prepared for the things they faced. Source B was written by a historian, B.H Liddle Hart, for a book in 1972. This source is from endless research and interviews. German machine gunners had perfected to a three minute drill because the first day didnt go well, this statement is also fairly reliable and the source is written by a historian, this gives its more reliablity. However this source again shows the battle should not have been fought as Germans had better weapons and could use them affectively as the British had poor and obsolete weaponry which makes it unfair and a one sided battle. The Germans had a better prospective of winning. Also soldiers on the British side were mislead by their commanding officers. We will write a custom essay sample on The Battle of the Somme specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Battle of the Somme specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Battle of the Somme specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Source C was written by a well known historian A.J.P.Taylor, for yet another book in 1979. Agian his information came from endless research and his own knowledge. German machine gunners had perfected to a three minute drill this statement is more than likely true as the first day didnt go well for either side. The historian is well known for his accurate information on topics like the war so this source is fairly reliable. However whether the battle should have been fought or not cannot be determined by this source, this source just shows that the Germans were more prepared for what they faced, than the British army. Source D is Russel Bradshaw, a soldiers account of the crossing of no mans land. This source could be reliable because of his first hand knowledge of it, but it could still be inaccurate. Because it is his own opinion of the instructions to cross no mans land at a slow pace he could be biased and could have given incorrect information. Because this source may not be that reliable the descision on whether it should have been fought or not is hard to determine, because it could be a biased opinion. However if a descision had to be made it would agree that the battle should not have been fought because the crossing of no mans land at a slow pace could have been suicide. Source E is a frame from the Britsh official film of the Battle of the Somme, shown in cinemas in August 1916. This piece of film is definately a piece of propaganda as it will not show the full horrors of war because it could cause uproar within the nation. Also any single man standing over the top, as shown in the frame, would have been shot almost instantly. This piece of film could not be seen as reliable because it is a piece of propaganda, however the rest of the film would obviously have some elements of truth. But this piece of film agrees that the battle should not have been fought because if the government had to hide the truth, the truth must have been bad for it not to be shown to the public. Source F is a cartoon of a fist representing the Brtish army punching Kaiser Wilhelm on the nose, printed on the 2nd July 1916 in a British newspaper. The headline read the day goes well for our patriotic heroes. This cartoon is also a piece of propaganda, fake information given to protect the British public from the truth of not doing so well on the first day. As source N shows the first day didnt go well as 19,420 men were killed on the first day. This source also agrees that the battle should not have been fought because the great loss of men on the first day, they had to hide it from the british public, as it could cause uproar and people would refuse to fight so their morales were kept high so more men would join to fight and without the men, the battle could not have been fought well enough to win. Source G is a statement on the Battle of the Somme written in a letter to General Haig, from Lloyd George in 1916. It talks about how well everything was going and how good the plans were, i can say that the heartening news of the last few days has confirmed our anticipation and hopes that the tide has now turned in our favor. In this quote he is really optimistic about it all because the war is still going on he has to protect the nation from the truth. This source is reliable because it has come from Lloyd George but it is not reliable because the war is still going on and he has to le to stop uproar throughout the nation. So this source states that everthing is good but this is not true but his statement agrees that the battle should have been fought because everything is going well and it is helping to gain a better prospective of winning the war. Source H is also a another statement made by Lloyd George but, after his fall from Prime Minister. A statement from his book published 1933-39. This source states how bad it actually was and Lloyd Georges opinion of it all had changed, he talks about it is claimed that the Battle of the Somme destroyed the old German army by killing off its best officers and men. It killed off far more of our best. This statement is very reliable as he does not have to lie anymore because the war is over and he is not Prime Minister anymore so he can say what he likes. So this source agrees that the battle should not have been fought as it went really bad for the British and many good men were killed. Source I is an extract from a letter writen by Lord Bryce on the the 29th July 1916. He visited the Fourth Army Headquarters, a chateau and park in France. Haig and Rawlinson, Battle Director and Commander-in-Chief at the time seemed to believe the German forces were coming to their last legs. Germans had few reserves, even German officer prisoners doubt escape of defeat. These statements Are acked up by Source J but the two officers did exagerate to make themselves look good to the politician. The politician had never been to the front lines himself so he was an easy subject to mislead. This source is and isnt reliable because of the two officers exageration and because of their knowledge of the front lines. But this source agrees that the battle should not have been fought as if they had to exagerate to make it sound as if everything were fine it couldnt have been going that well so the battle should not have been fought. Source J is an extract from a letter home from a German officer in August 1916, he was later killed in October. This German officer talks about how Ghastly life was on the front lines and how the village of Martinpuich that was once quiet and peacful was now a region of horror and despair. This meant the Germans werent doing well so the British obviously were,so this source does agree with source I . It is very reliable as it has come from a German telling us that the British were doing well. This Source also agrees that the battle should not have been fought as it was causing horror and despair. Source K is information taken from Haigs despatchon the 23rd December 1916. At thos time the Battle of the Somme had finished for over a month. Haig set his objectives after the Battle had finished but they still might have been achieved. The objectives were threefold: 1) To relieve pressure on Verdun. 2) To assist our allies in other theatres of war by stopping any further transfer of German troops from the western front. 3) To wear down the strength of the forces opposed to us. Haig would have definately acheived these objectives as he set them after the war he would have based them on things that had been achieved throughout the battle. This source is reliable as these were official documents concerning objectives. This source alone cannot determine an answer to whether or not the battle should have been fought. As it just states what objectives were set. Source L is an extract from a report sent to the British Cabinet by Haig December 1919. This source is information on the effects of the Battle of the Somme. Haigs opinion of the effects were practically beaten men, thoroughly tired of the war. These both prove Objective three was acheived as forces opposed were being worn down. This source is reliable as these are also extracts from officail documents. This source agrees that the battle should have been fought as it plays a great part of the eventual defeat of Germany. Source M is an extract from a German Generals book published 1919. This source talks about the British and how well they were doing. But because it came from a German General it can be believed, because why would he lie after the war has finished and it is the British he is supporting. Entente worked their way further into German lines this statment is in comparison to all three objectives, because if the Entente worked their way into German lines it was wearing down the enemy so more men would have to be sent there, thus relieving pressure on Verdun and stopping the further transfer of troops. This Source is reliable as it came from a German. This source also agrees that the battle should have been fought because again it played a great part in the eventual defeat of Germany. Source N are the figures of men lost on the first day and the total losses by the end of the battle. 1st July 1916, 19,420 British killed, by the end of the battle in total of all sides 1,070,000 dead. The battle only lasted for 5 months and so many lives were lost in such a short space of time. This source is reliable as they are official figures, this source agrees that the battle shoud not have been fought as so many men lost their lives in the short amount of time of 5 months. In conclusion from analysing thoroughly the sources and information provided it would seem that the morgority of the sources would agree that the battle should not have been fought for various reasons. However a final descision will never be made as there are so many points to be analysed and discussed. No-one will ever come to a conclusion because everyone has different opinions.

Melvilles Bartleby the Scrivener. †Literature Essay

Melvilles Bartleby the Scrivener. – Literature Essay Free Online Research Papers Melville’s â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener.† Literature Essay No real hero is presented to the reader in Melville’s â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener.† The narrator of the story seems to be an ordinary man. He does not exhibit any noteworthy features that would deem him a hero. He is a lawyer, an occupation that sometimes requires someone to be a hero but he is â€Å"one of those unambitious lawyers who never addresses a jury, or in any way draws down public applause.† He is an â€Å"eminently safe man.† From these descriptions we can see that he does not seem to possess the â€Å"hero gene.† From the start of the novel, we see the narrator talk about this man Bartleby. He describes Bartleby as â€Å"one of those beings of whom nothing is ascertainable.† There is an aura of mystery surrounding this Bartleby and one can’t help but anticipate hearing more about him. It is this kind of building up that makes the reader think that maybe Bartleby might be some sort of hero, a man among men. We also see the description of the lawyer’s other scriveners. They are an odd bunch that display no real characteristics of being heroes. The lawyer is a person whose â€Å"profound conviction is that the easiest way of life is the best† and the only reason he keeps his scriveners is because it would be too difficult to hire a new bunch. From the time that the lawyer hires Bartleby, the narrator paints a picture of Bartleby as a mysterious man. There seems to be a story behind all this and we are waiting for it to unfold. The fact that Bartleby’s only comments are â€Å"I would prefer not to† only add an air mystery around him. Who is this Bartleby and what is his story? What is he hiding and what is he going to do? This initially makes him look like he might be a hero and even the narrator plays up Bartleby as some mysterious stranger. As we get further and further into the novel, the same old comments from Bartleby start to wear thin. He never does anything. Sure he is a hard worker at the beginning but he ends up quitting his job altogether and doesn’t even seem to respect the lawyer. It is like watching a balloon slowly run out of air. It was exciting watching and waiting what this Bartle by would do but the fact is that he never does anything and there is nothing heroic about that. In fact, it seems to be quite pathetic. He seems to be nothing more than a vagrant who does not care about the people who are trying to help him out. The lawyer tries his best to get some reaction out of Bartleby but nothing works. This is commendable but it is not heroic. Just a strange story about a strange man. Research Papers on Melville’s â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener.† - Literature EssayWhere Wild and West MeetHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of Self19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andStandardized TestingGenetic EngineeringComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoThe Spring and AutumnThe Effects of Illegal Immigration

Intellectual Property Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Intellectual Property Law - Essay Example This fact is negligible. Wherever the deal took place is irrelevant. As long as there was some verbal agreement, that could still be considered a contract, as will be shown in the next point. 3. No formal contract was signed between TWD and Yello. Even though TWD and Yello did not sign a contract, LMI and TWD made the agreement that LMI would arrange it so that they would pay TWD to set up a website for the band. â€Å"Such relationships are termed quasi-contract. Although there is no contract or agreement between the parties, they are put in the same position as if there were a contract between them.†1 The definition of what a quasi-contract is can be given here. As defined in Black’s Law Dictionary, a quasi contract is â€Å"an obligation which law creates in absence of agreement; it is invoked by courts where there is unjust enrichment†¦ [The] [f]unction of ‘quasi contract’ is to raise obligation in law where in fact the parties made no promise, an d it is not based on apparent intention of the parties.†2 Also, contracts do not have to be written down to be enforceable. A contract, by definition, is â€Å"[a]n agreement between two or more persons which creates an obligation to do or not to do a particular thing. Its essentials are competent parties, subject matter, a legal consideration, mutuality of agreement, and mutuality of obligation.†3 Additionally, a contract â€Å"is formed in any transaction in which one or both parties make a legally enforceable promise. A promise is a commitment or undertaking that a given event will or will not occur in the future and may be express or implied from conduct or language and conduct. A promise is legally enforceable where it: was made as part of a bargain for valid consideration; reasonably induced the promise to rely on the promise to his detriment; or is deemed enforceable by a statute despite the lack of consideration.†4 There are several types of contracts, in addition. Contracts may be one of three types: express (an agreement brought about by words); implied-in-fact (an agreement brought about by conduct); or implied-in-law, also known as a â€Å"quasi-contract† (which is â€Å"not a true contract but an obligation imposed by a court despite the absence of a promise in order to avoid an injustice.†5 Since it has been shown that there was a quasi-contract between LMI and TWD, TWD is now committed to performing services for LMI under the deal that was hammered out in the Wine Bar—even though nothing was put down in writing in a formal sense. However, this could indeed hurt LMI later as one shall see. 4. The website includes photos of Yello given to TWD, and three (3) short extracts of songs from Yello’s first album. TWD does not necessarily own the images or the three (3) short extracts of music given to TWD in order to market the band Yello. The copyright of the music belongs to LMI since they had a deal sign ed with them. Whoever took the photographs (one would presume that would be the photographer) who would own the copyrights to the band Yello’s photos. However, if Yello purchased the copyright of the images, then the images belong to them—or if the Yello band’s image is already copyrighted. This can be a complex issue. If Yello’s image is not copyrighted, it may be able to be distributed other places. Also, the copyright on the song excerpts must also be copyrighted in order to make sure that if there is any type of infringement, then the people or person infringing upon the copyright of

Examine critically the nature and lasting impacts for domestic Essay

Examine critically the nature and lasting impacts for domestic business environment of the global financial crisis of 2007 - Essay Example Johnson et al (2008, p.55) identify the PESTEL framework as a means of analysing the environment. Following the corporate scandals of Enron and WorldCom, several commentators have added ethics to the list of analytical factors and it is this approach that will be used to analyse the macro-environment of the UK following the global financial crisis of 2007. The STEEPLE framework considers the Socio-cultural, Technological, Economic, Environmental, Political, Legal and Ethical factors that affect business and over which business has no control. An analysis of the current environment is as follows: Figure 1: Macro Environmental Analysis Although this analysis is brief, it provides insight into potential problems facing the UK in the short- and medium-term in different areas. Some of these will be evaluated in more detail. Socio-Cultural Factors Factors within this area tend to be long-term trends, such as the changing pattern of work and women’s participation in the labour market . Following the UK general election in 2010 and the change of government, there has been a significant shift in the approach to the public sector and state support for the country’s population. ... The OECD are reported as stating that the cuts â€Å"risked derailing economic recovery† (ibid), with the IMF highlighting that unemployment levels will increase dramatically, leaving many people facing a significant reduction in their â€Å"livelihood, security and dignity† (ibid). They also highlight that following job losses, people suffer from health problems. Children of parents without work do worse in school and overall â€Å"faith in public institutions and democracy† (ibid) is reduced. The previous year, the OECD has predicted a â€Å"full-blown social crisis† following the expected rise in global unemployment (Seager, 2009). The OECD secretary general was reported to have said that: â€Å"restoring global growth is an economic and political priority but also an ethical, moral, social and human imperative. And employment and social policies are an essential component of a successful strategy to bring .... countries back on a growth track† ( Seager 2009) This demonstrates that the different elements within the macro-environment are interrelated and cannot really be separated as this analysis suggests. The over-riding fear in the social domain is an increasingly polarised society with the haves doing much better and the have-nots being pushed into poverty as unemployment increases and welfare benefits are cut (Armour 2010). Technological Factors Technology includes not only information technology but the processes by which manufacturers and service providers create and deliver their products. Although the biggest impact in the technology area has been the increasing power and availability of computing power, the impact for manufacturing should not be forgotten. Most homes in the UK now have access to a personal computer and the internet, allowing them

Eva Smith letter Essay Example for Free

Eva Smith letter Essay My life is unbearable and torn apart, in his letter I shall leave explanations for you to discover. Once I had feelings and ambitions, all are now destroyed. Why me? I had everything going for me once, I used to look forward to the future and seize every chance. Where am I destined for now? This evil world is not fit to bring a child into. I wish I could rely on someone; at least I can rely on a bottle of disinfectant to end my existence. What you are about to read is what has driven me to suicide. My social superiors have wrecked my life. I came from the country, a girl with so much hope and aspirations but now I wish I had never set my eyes on a place called Brumley.  I worked at a factory owned by Mr.Birling, a fat arrogant cruel man. I lost my job because we, the workers, asked for a raise. The few extra shillings we wanted could have easily been afforded but he was too cold and greedy to give us better wages. I was one the leaders of a strike in September 1910, the strike failed, as we could not afford to stay out of work. The man was so horrible to me; the day that he called me up to his office to tell me that I was fired he told me something that still haunts me. As I was leaving his office he stopped me at the door and said oh Eva, you were about to be promoted, what a mess you have made of that. I now had the reputation of a troublemaker but I was really a hard working popular worker. I was in for two hard months, unemployed and black listed. It was almost impossible to find a job. In those two months I became extremely depressed and very scared of the future. Penniless, I borrowed money from friends and ate other peoples food. I couldnt believe what had happened to me. I had a stroke of luck when I got a job at Milwards, an expensive clothes shop. I had a wonderful time there; I met new people and worked hard. As you will see in this story and I quickly learned, good things dont last! On one fateful day in January 1911, Shelia Birling came into the shop. She took the anger she had against her mother out on me because I looked good in a dress and she didnt; also I think she saw me smile to another worker and mistook it as me laughing at her. She accused me of impertinence and she started to shout at me. She used her family name to get me the sack. She picked on someone who could not fight back; she knew that she was more important to Milwards than I was. Why does it have to be me living the bad conditions? At least she has a family. Why is life unfair? Again I was out of work, penniless and desperate. I wish that I could support myself. Unfortunely the only work I could get was prostitution. It was become a prostitute or starve. I am the type of person who aspires to be something not a prostitute. Unfortunately extreme times lead people to extreme measures. I had no choice.  I was at the Palace Bar, the place I used to pick up men, Joe Meggerty, an awful man who chased prostitutes, was manhandling me. A good looking, gentleman named Gerald Croft rescued me. Gerald was nice too me. He made me his mistress; it was an affair because I knew he had someone else. I loved him but he was just using me for sex. At least I lived in total luxury for six months. He ended it in September 1911, I was an inconvenience. I was absolutely heart broken. I felt so used and abandoned. He gave me money to help me for a while; Gerald was the type of man who thought money solved everything. I enjoyed the affair so much that I went off to the seaside and pretended that the affair was still on. I had been expecting it to end any way, as he did not have the same feeling I had for him. Good things never last for me. I lived on the money he gave me until November 1911. It was then back to being a prostitute, back to the Palace Bar, back to that hellish dreadful lifestyle it was so difficult because I had been away from it for so long. I wish I had never set eyes on Eric Birling. He is the son Arthur Birling. He is a bit shy but that certainly changes when he has alcohol in him. I ended up getting drunk with him. We went home together, I then told him not to come in but he threatened to cause a row. I let him in and he forced me to have sex with him; he raped me. We met often after that. Our relationship was just pleasure, he kept me for sex, we had no feelings for each other. I worked as a prostitute for Eric; it was better, I suppose, than having to work for the likes of Joe Meggerty, as Eric was a young man. I found out, to my horror, that because of Eric raping me I was pregnant with his child. I was so scared when I found out that I was having a child, I fell into a world of despair unable to escape. Where would the money come from to feed the child? I was beginning to really worry about the future. I was stuck, no one would feel sorry for a prostitute, people would think that I had got what I deserved. I was even more frightened when I found out that the money Eric gave me was stolen. I couldnt take the money anymore, as I am a truthful and honest person. I didnt see Eric again after that. I dont hate Eric for what he did; I just think that he should learn that there are more things to life than drinking. I was frightened and alone, my only choice was to beg for money from the Brumely Womens Charity Organization. The chairperson was Sybil Birling, wife of Arthur Birling, a cold-hearted woman. She refused me help because she didnt like me. I told her that my name was Mrs. Birling, I thought I should have the right to that name but she thought that I was being rude towards her. Perhaps she did not want the name Birling being brought into disrepute. She took me to a back room and I explained to her that the father of the child was giving me money but the money was stolen and I couldnt take it anymore. She said that some one as low as me would not have airs and graces like that; she thought that poor people did not have feelings and morals, that we were animals. I deserved that bit of help she could have given me, especially as it would have supported her grandchild. There is now nothing I can do; Im the lowest of the low. I have gone without food for days. Why did they have to reject my plea for help? How can Mrs. Birling be so cold hearted? Why do I have I to live this worthless existence, trapped in misfortune? I am now in total despair.  I have found out that this world is cruel and unfair. This town, this world is not the type of place that I would like to bring a child up in. I must end this for both of us. I am a victim of others lack of morals. I know Ill go to heaven because I have served my time in hell.

Bilingual Education Should be Changed to Immersion :: Essays Papers

Bilingual Education Should be Changed to Immersion In Korea, an education for children began to concern about languages such as English and Japanese since developing technologies and cultures unified most countries. I remember studying English and Korean by separating year when I was in a kindergarten and a senior high school. In the kindergarten and senior high school, English importantly were being considered to children with Korean. The name of a program was called, ‘Bilingual education.’ in Korea. Differently, I studied in a junior high school which just used English but Korean. The name of a program was called, ‘immersion.’ After coming to America to study in college, I found that a bilingual education and an immersion such as I also studied in the two different programs were being argued for children in not only Korea and America. Actually, in Korea, many parents of children are supporting immersion programs now. How about America? Are Americans supporting bilingual educations or immersion pr ograms? As I am an experienced person in two different programs, I want to say that not only Korea but also American has to support immersion programs for children. There are several reasons why I support immersion programs. Firstly, I think that an immersion program can quickly teach children who want to learn new languages. In my experience, I learned English as a second language in a junior high school. Most teachers were Americans except some teachers who taught Korean and Chinese, and American teachers taught several subjects such as a math, biology, and geology by English. Most teaching style was immersion programs to children. What made me to support immersion programs when I studied in a junior high school? For instance, when I learned all subjects with English at first time, I was not comfortable because I was not American but Korean. Immersion programs seemed to have a negative reaction to children and parents because students had never listened and studied English before since being in an elementary school. However, after from six month and one year, student’s reaction about immersion programs was changed to a positive point of view. Students began to adjust to study all subject s with English fast. I also was able to acquire studying the subjects fast. For example, when I wrote an essay, I always though and spoke in English.

Planning and Enabling Learning †Pel Essay

Wilson (2008:01) asserts that – â€Å"A learner can be aged from 14 upwards and learning can occur in any suitable environment. Learners in the sector may be funded by government bodies, by their employers, by funding councils or by their own finances. Some are supported by student loans, bursaries or scholarships. In a nutshell, lifelong learning covers everything that is not compulsory education. † Theory – Initial assessment Initial assessment happens at the time of a learner’s transition into a new learning programme. It is a holistic process, during which a teacher/ trainer starts to build up a picture of an individual’s achievements, skills, interests, previous learning experiences and goals, and the learning needs associated with those goals. This information is used as a basis for negotiating a course or programme. TASK 1 – (i)b: Which services are available for learners who need extra help and support? Venue evaluation case study The College welcomes students with additional learning needs on to its courses and seeks to ensure that whenever possible those needs are met. The selection criteria and procedures are kept under review to ensure that all applicants and students are treated fairly. Students are selected and treated on the basis of their relevant merits and abilities. TASK 1 – (ii). Evaluate ways of planning, negotiating and recording appropriate learning goals with learners Theory – Planning and negotiating learning goals â€Å"If you don’t know where you are going, it is difficult to select a suitable means for getting there†, Mager (1955). A learning goal is what a learner wants to achieve, by attending a relevant programme of learning with his/ her teacher/ tutor. The learning programme will be determined by the qualification content, published by an Awarding or Examining Body. The teacher/ tutor need to know what he/ she is going to teach, and their learners need to know what they are going to learn. These should be formally negotiated and agreed. A supportive and respectful relationship between the learners and the teacher/ tutor will ensure realistic goals and targets are agreed, along with how the learning progress will be assessed and recorded. Recording learning goals A teacher/ tutor should encourage his/ her learners to take ownership of the process of planning their learning journey. To help promote them to be independent learners, the teacher/ tutor will need to negotiate and agree their goals and targets, and assess their progress along the way. It is important that all targets are recorded whether they are hard targets, i. e. directly based on the curriculum or soft targets, i. e. personal and social goals. If the teacher/ tutor is teaching a programme, which does not lead to a formal qualification, he/ she will still need to record learner progress. This is known as recognising and recording progress and achievement in non-accredited learning (RARPA). TASK 2 – SCHEME OF WORK TASK 2 – (i). Devise a scheme of work in your own specialist area for a minimum of 4 weeks or eight sessions, ensuring that it includes all the information indicated on the Performa on p21 Theory – Scheme of Work Every teacher/ tutor has a scheme of work, but it may exist only inside her head, and it may be incomplete. Just as the curriculum is the answer to the learner’s question, â€Å"Why do we have to learn this? † the scheme of work is the answer to the teacher’s question, â€Å"What am I going to do? †. It is the teacher’s equivalent of the builder’s plan and the engineer’s blueprint. Scheme of Work is a working document. It is not immutable, just as building plans can be changed up to a point. It is made to be messed with, to be annotated and scrawled all over. It is the most useful evaluation tool you can have, because given that most of us repeat courses year on year, reference to last year’s well-worn Scheme (and the year before’s) is the best guide to how to change things for this year (particularly if the teacher/ tutor are conscientious enough to enter in the findings from your evaluation exercises). TASK 2 – (iii)a. Justification – The selection and sequencing of topics, and, when relevant, how this met curriculum/ syllabus requirements Theory – Brief introduction to Marketing and Marketing mix Marketing is at the heart of every organisation’s activity. Its importance is also growing in the non-commercial, public and voluntary sectors. Also, at the heart of marketing is the customer. This unit will introduce learners to some of the tools and techniques all types of organisations use to achieve their objectives. â€Å"Marketing refers to the social and managerial processes by which products, services and value are exchanged in order to fulfil individuals’ or group’s needs and wants. These processes include, but are not limited to, advertising, promotion, distribution, and sales. The marketing mix is a broad concept, which includes several aspects of marketing which all, inquires to obtain a similar goal of creating awareness and customer loyalty. The marketing mix is not only an important concept, but a guideline to reference back to when implementing the price, promotion, product, and distribution†, (wikipedia. com). Justification – Selection and sequencing of topics, and, when relevant The selection and sequencing of the topics is based upon the learning aims, purpose and objectives that the unit involves. The aim and purpose of this unit is to give learners an understanding of how marketing, research and planning and the marketing mix are used by all organisations. The five units delivered in the five weekly sessions enable the tutor to cover the unit of ‘Marketing mix’, which is part of the module ‘principles of marketing’, besides covering the focused subject area, the other significant advantage is that it can also be used as a basis for further study of specialist marketing units depending on interest and availability of the unit as specialist subject area. The ‘Marketing mix’ unit is a mandatory syllabus requirement, delivered through the 5 weeks classroom sessions providing a comprehensive understanding of the practical issues involved in Marketing using 4Ps tool of marketing mix. From this unit, Firstly, learners will explore how different types of organisations use marketing principles to meet the needs of their customers and achieve their objectives. The constraints under which organisations operate are important and learners will study the legal requirements and voluntary codes that affect marketing. Secondly, Learners will examine how a marketing mix is developed to meet the needs and aspirations of a targeted group of prospective customers, before going on to develop a marketing mix for a new product or service. How the tutor’s scheme of work plan met curriculum/ syllabus requirements: †¢Selected and adapted, a range of inclusive learning activities to enthuse and motivate learners, ensuring that curriculum requirements are met. Analysed the strengths and limitations of a range of resources, including new and emerging technologies, showing how these resources can be used to promote equality, support diversity and contribute to effective learning. †¢Identified literacy, language, numeracy and ICT skills, which are integral to own specialist area, reviewing how they support learner achievement. TASK 2 – (iii)b. Justification – The use of resources and how they promoted inclusive learning Theory – Inclusive learning Inclusive teaching means re cognising, accommodating and meeting the learning needs of all the students. It means acknowledging that the students have a range of individual learning needs and are members of diverse communities: a student with a disabling medical condition may also have English as an additional language and be a single parent. Inclusive teaching avoids pigeonholing students into specific groups with predictable and fixed approaches to learning. TASK 2 – (iii)c. Justification – Differentiation Theory – Differentiation in practice in the curriculum â€Å"The key to the differentiated curriculum is the flexible use by teachers of a wide range of activities and lesson organisations†, Janet Spillman (1991). Differentiation is about teaching and learning styles and teachers should be using all three types of differentiation in order to have a variety of teaching approaches to accommodate the different learning styles in the classroom. Teachers who only organise in the ‘ability group’ way are limiting the learning of many pupils in their classes, particularly those with special educational needs. All pupils should experience all three types of differentiation in order for teachers and pupils to maximise the teaching and learning that occurs in the classroom. Accelerated Coverage of Material promote interactive methodology for learner tutor involvement, Supplementary Materials provided as the course subject material for developing understanding and highlighting key issues, Graphic diagrams provided for visual assessment and absorption by the learners of the concepts and theory, Group and independent Study held for working cooperation and discussion of diverse views from the mass participation, Recommendation of relevant Books from various expert in the field – it is important to read specialised book from a pool of books available from the same subject area which is not easy for the learners to identify. TASK 2 – (iii)d. Justification – How the minimum core (literacy, language, numeracy and ICT) supported learning Theory – Minimum Core Since September 2000 it has been expected that initial teacher education programmes should equip all trainee teachers to develop inclusive approaches to addressing the language, literacy and numeracy needs of their learners’. The requirement for all trainee teachers to meet the minimum core of literacy, language, numeracy in all post-16 teacher initial teacher education (ITE) programmes was first defined by FENTO in 2004. Coverage of the minimum core is intended to provide a teacher with the minimum level of skills in language, literacy, numeracy and ICT that are essential to teachers who work in the lifelong learning sector. Justification – Minimum core (literacy, language) supported learning Speaking and listening – Learners make a range of contributions to classroom discussions and make effective presentations in a wide range of contexts by carrying out individual and/ or group work investigating organisations and their marketing working with others in investigating businesses (employees, olleagues, teachers, class mates). Reading – Learners are able to compare, select, read and understand texts and use them to gather information, ideas, arguments and opinions reading about organis ations and their marketing reading about organisations to obtain data to compare businesses marketing activities Writing – Learners are able to write documents, including extended writing pieces, communicating information, ideas and opinions, effectively and persuasively writing materials to provide information about organisations marketing activities producing labelled charts and diagrams. Justification – Minimum core (numeracy and ICT) supported learning By introducing various ways of interaction with and using ICT and Web ICT systems independently, learners can research organisations and their marketing activities, enabling them to understand approaches to complex classroom task needs. Calculation techniques, formulas and tabulating information about organisations allow learners to use numerical methods of learning and assessment. Exploration, investigation and evaluate of the relevant marketing topics from the provided information and case studies, and data from the from websites about business organisations and their marketing activities help the learner get involved with the key issues of the subject area. TASK 3 – LESSON PLANNING TASK 3 – (i). Design and include a lesson plan on the Greenwich proforma (p 19-20), which you would use in your specialist area, completing all aspects of this proforma (150 words limit) â€Å"To fail to plan is to plan to fail†, (Petty, 2004:422, cited by Wilson, 2008). According to a definition at Wikipedia. com, a ‘lesson plan’ is a teacher’s detailed description of the course of instruction for one class. A daily lesson plan is developed by a teacher to guide class instruction. Details will vary depending on the preference of the teacher, subject being covered, and the need and/or curiosity of children. TASK 3 – (v). Discuss the reasons for the inclusion of aspects of the minimum core (literacy, numeracy and ICT) in this lesson plan (150 words limit) Justification – Minimum core (literacy, language) supported learning Speaking and listening – Learners make a range of contributions to classroom discussions and make effective presentations in a wide range of contexts by carrying out individual and/ or group work investigating organisations and their marketing working with others in investigating businesses (employees, colleagues, teachers, class mates). Reading – Learners are able to compare, select, read and understand texts and use them to gather information, ideas, arguments and opinions reading about organisations and their marketing reading about organisations to obtain data to compare businesses marketing activities Writing – Learners are able to write documents, including extended writing pieces, communicating information, ideas and opinions, effectively and persuasively writing materials to provide information about organisations marketing activities producing labelled charts and diagrams.